亚热带稻田能量平衡闭合状况分析

通过采用线性回归,能量平衡比率和相对残差频率分布3种统计方法对涡度相关法通量观测的稻田能量平衡闭合状况进行了评价,并分析了能量平衡闭合程度的季节变化趋势。结果表明,在稻田生态系统中存在能量不闭合现象,年能量平衡比率为0.87,年平均不闭合程度为13%;能量平衡比率在5—8月份平均为0.85,能量不闭合程度较高;1—4月份和9—12月份平均为0.92,不闭合程度较低。在假定常规的有效能量测定正确的前提下,可以认为涡度相关测定的湍流通量可能被低估了     

水轮机槽道内导叶动态绕流水力特性大涡模拟分析

为进一步探索水轮机导叶在调节过程中产生强瞬变流时水流和导叶间的非线性流固耦合机理,该文基于大涡模拟和二维瞬态N-S方程,应用ANSYS FLUENT软件中的任意拉格朗日-欧拉动网格技术和非迭代时间推进格式对槽道内导叶的关闭运动过程进行数值模拟,研究导叶绕流后的流场动态变化水力特性及涡激振动特性。结果表明:导叶关闭过程中槽道内的压力场、速度场、涡量场呈现出明显的非定常特征;卡门涡频率约为水轮机转轮转频的0.3倍,极易诱发低频压力脉动,随着关闭时刻的结束导叶后尾迹涡形态呈现出明显的卡门涡脱落过程;关闭过程中转动导叶的升、阻力系数随时间表现出非线性动力响应特征。揭示了低频压力振荡的产生与导叶调节关闭动作后导叶尾部的卡门涡列有关,卡门涡列诱发的非线性流激振动是影响水轮机水力稳定性和上游管道系统水力共振的主要因素。该方法可为有效模拟水力机械瞬态非线性流固耦合问题提供参考。     

东亚森林、草地碳利用效率及碳通量空间变化的影响因素分析

森林和草地是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,研究整合基于涡度相关法观测碳通量的已发表文献,共选取东亚地区40个拥有1年以上数据的通量站(森林26个,草地14个),分析碳利用效率(CUE)以及净生态系统生产力(NEP)、总生态系统生产力(GEP)、生态系统呼吸(RE)的空间变异特征及其影响因素。东亚地区的森林和草地为碳汇,且森林的碳汇显著高于草地(p0.001),其NEP分别为328.64±256.46gC/(m~2·a),63.43±42.99gC/(m~2·a)。森林和草地的CUE分别为0.21,0.20,影响森林CUE变化的因素主要是林龄,呈线性负相关关系(p0.001)。影响草地CUE的因素主要是年均降水量(MAP),呈线性负相关关系(p0.05)。森林和草地的GEP,RE均是随纬度的升高而线性降低,NEP与纬度呈现二次函数关系,随纬度升高而先升高后降低。森林和草地的GEP,RE都与MAP呈线性正相关关系,且NEP与MAP呈先升高后降低的二次函数关系,其中森林和草地的饱和降水量大约为1 300mm和390mm。森林的GEP,RE与年均温(MAT)呈现线性正相关关系。森林和草地的GEP,RE与增强型植被指数(EVI)呈线性正相关关系。     

海南岛橡胶林能量平衡研究

基于涡度相关系统对海南儋州橡胶林生态系统长期定位观测,获取橡胶林生态系统2013年5月-2014年4月有效能、湍流能以及各种气象数据,分析其能量平衡过程以及能量闭合度。结果表明:1）显热通量（H）、潜热通量（LE）、土壤热通量（G）与净辐射通量（Rn）日变化趋势相似,都为单峰型。雨季LE明显大于旱季,不同季节H差异不明显。雨季白天LE远高于H。G在数值上与Rn差1～2个数量级,且变化滞后于Rn变化。2）冠层热储量（S）、显热储量（Sa）和潜热储量（Se）变化趋势均为倒“S”型,但S、Se变化趋势与Sa变化趋势相反。橡胶林冠层热储量,Se贡献更大。3）雨季波文比都远<1,即雨季净辐射主要用于潜热输送。旱季波文比较雨季大,平均值为0.8,说明整个旱季水汽传输与显热输送消耗能量比重相当。4）各能量通量分量均表现为净辐射（Rn）>潜热通量（LE）>显热通量（H）>土壤热通量（G）>冠层热储量（S）。雨季潜热通量（LE）所占净辐射比例达76.28%,显热通量仅为15.32%;旱季潜热通量（LE）、显热通量（H）占净辐射通量比例分别为:43.69%、31.74%。5）橡胶林能量不闭合度雨季低于旱季。半小时尺度上旱季不闭合度为33%,雨季不闭合度为24%,全年不闭合度为27%,与中国通量网（ChinaFLUX）研究结果相比,处于中等水平。日尺度全年能量闭合度为13.82%,全年月尺度能量不闭合度为13.41%。     

Vineyard evaporative fraction based on eddy covariance in an arid desert region of Northwest China

Studying farmland evaporative fraction (EF) plays an important role in interpreting the components of energy budget and evapotranspiration (ET). The present study examines the pattern of vineyard EF after monitoring energy components by eddy covariance for 2 years, and estimates the crop ET by EF in the arid desert region of Northwest China. Main results indicate that EF during daytime is nearly constant on sunny days when the available energy exceeds 200 W m⁻², but EF becomes relatively unsteady when the available energy is lower than 200 W m⁻². Furthermore, daytime average EF is relatively low in the early growth stage, nearly constant in the mid-later stage, and significantly reduced in the later stage; Moreover, mean EF in different periods of daytime is in good agreement with daytime average EF, mean EF during 10:00–15:00 h is relatively close to daytime average EF and mean EF during 14:00–15:00 h is approximately equal to daytime average EF. The estimated daytime ET from mean EF during 14:00–15:00 h is highly correlated to the measured ET by Bowen ratio-energy balance though the value is partially underestimated. This study demonstrated that daytime ET can be estimated from midday EF and the relationship can be used to guide irrigation practice in the arid region.     

基于CAN总线的电涡流测功村励磁电流控制系统的开发

介绍了一种基于CAN总线开发设计的电涡流测功机励磁电流数字控制系统,给出了该系统的硬件总体结构设计和软件设计流程。并详细介绍了系统的控制策略,以及CAN总线控制器结构。实验证明整个系统具有可靠性高,精度高,功能化和模块化等优点。同时具有一定的可扩展性。     

Flow-field observations of a tidally driven island wake used by marine mammals in the Bay of Fundy, Canada

Correlations between fine‐scale oceanographic features and aggregations of marine mammals are frequently reported, but the physical forces shaping these relationships are rarely explored. We conducted a series of oceanographic observations and remote sensing surveys of an oceanographic feature near Grand Manan Island known to attract marine mammals on flood tides. We tracked drift drogues from cliff‐top with a theodolite and conducted box‐type surveys with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) to assess flow patterns within the oceanographic feature. The feature was also visualized with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) scenes. Drift drogues were advected towards a shear line originating near the northern tip of the island and entrained in one or more eddies downstream. ADCP surveys confirmed the presence of the shear line between rapid easterly flow and slower return flow. As the tide progressed, the shear line extended and manifested a single anti‐cyclonic eddy at its distal end. As the flood tide progressed, northerly flow along the eastern shore of the island intensified and deflected the shear line northwards, shedding the eddy at slack high water. SAR images confirmed the presence of the shearline and eddy system, illustrating the evolution of a wake behind the island on flood tides. Profiles of flow direction and acoustic backscatter revealed secondary flows within the wake consistent with models and observations of other wakes. Oceanographic and remote sensing observations confirm that an island wake is generated by tidal flow past Grand Manan Island and provide an ecological context for the predictable aggregations of odontocete and mysticete cetaceans observed foraging within this region.     

Variability in energy partitioning and resistance parameters for a vineyard in northwest China

Grapevines are extensively grown in the semiarid and arid regions, but little information is available on the variability of energy partitioning and resistance parameters for the vineyard. To address this question, an eddy covariance system was applied to measure energy balance over a vineyard in northwest China during 2005-2006. Result indicated that 2-year average Bowen ratio (β) of vineyard was 1.0, canopy resistance (r_c) 289.3 s m⁻¹, aerodynamic resistance (r_a) 9.7 s m⁻¹ and climatological resistance (r_i) 117 s m⁻¹. This implied that the annual energy was split almost equally between sensible heat and latent heat. Compared to the corresponding values in other ecosystems reported by Wilson et al. [Wilson, K.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Dolman, H., Falge, E., Field, C., Goldstein, A., Granier, A., Grelle, A., Halldor, T., Hollinger, D., Katul, G., Law, B.E., Lindroth, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson, R., Oechel, W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wofsy, S., 2002. Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites. Water Resource Research 38, 1294-1305.], the vineyard had a higher β, r_c and r_i than deciduous forests, corn and soybean, and grassland. Such difference was mainly attributed to (1) serious water stress in 2005, which resulted in a greater r_c up to 364.4 s m⁻¹; (2) sparse canopy with row spacing of 2.9 m and plant spacing of 1.8 m; (3) warm-dry climate and high attitude (1581 m) along with higher r_i and lower psychrometer (54 Pa K⁻¹) in the arid region of northwest China. These characters of vineyard revealed varying process of energy partitioning and surface resistance, and provided a scientific basis in understanding and modeling water and energy balance for the vineyard in the semiarid and arid regions.     

Oceanographic investigation of the American Samoa albacore (Thunnus alalunga) habitat and longline fishing grounds

The American Samoa fishing ground is a dynamic region with strong mesoscale eddy activity and temporal variability on scales of <1 week. Seasonal and interannual variability in eddy activity, induced by baroclinic instability that is fueled by horizontal shear between the eastward‐flowing South Equatorial Counter Current (SECC) and the westward‐flowing South Equatorial Current (SEC), seems to play an important role in the performance of the longline fishery for albacore. Mesoscale eddy variability in the American Samoa Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) peaks from March to April, when the kinetic energy of the SECC is at its strongest. Longline albacore catch tends to be highest at the eddy edges, while albacore catch per effort (CPUE) shows intra‐annual variability with high CPUE that lags the periods of peak eddy activity by about 2 months. When CPUE is highest, the values are distributed toward the northern half of the EEZ, the region affected most by the SECC. Further indication of the possible importance of the SECC for longline performance is the significant drop in eddy variability in 2004 when compared with that observed in 2003 – resulting from a weak SECC – which was accompanied by a substantial drop in albacore CPUE rates and a lack of northward intensification of CPUE. From an ecosystem perspective, evidence to support higher micronekton biomass in the upper 200 m at eddy boundaries is inconclusive. Albacore's vertical distribution seems to be governed by the presence of prey. Albacore spend most of their time between 150 and 250 m, away from the deep daytime and shallow nighttime sonic scattering layers, at depths coinciding with those of small local maxima in micronekton biomass whose backscattering properties are consistent with those of albacore's preferred prey. Settling depths of longline sets during periods of decreased eddy activity correspond to those most occupied by albacore, possibly contributing to the lower CPUE by reducing catchability through rendering bait less attractive to albacore in the presence of prey.     

普通玉米主要营养品质性状的遗传效应分析

用13个普通玉米自交系按NCⅡ设计（7×6）研究了普通玉米主要营养品质性状的遗传效应。结果表明，普通玉米主要营养品质性状的遗传受种子二倍体胚、三倍体胚乳、细胞质和二倍体母体植株4套遗传体系的控制；主要品质性状4套遗传体系的效应值之间无太大的差异，蛋白质、淀粉和赖氨酸含量的胚遗传效应全部体现为胚加性遗传效应，而4种品质性状的胚乳遗传效应则全部由胚乳显性遗传效应构成；母体遗传效应主要表现为母体加性效应；遗传效应预测值表明亲本9636、99S2041-1-1-1和478在普通玉米品质改良中可能有一定的应用潜力。结果还发现，不同品质性状间存在不同程度的遗传相关，因此对这些性状进行间接选择或杂种优势利用均可取得一定的效果。